Fuel cells are a rapidly developing energy conversion technology. Offering higher efficiencies than conventional technologies, they also operate quietly. Their modular construction means they can be economically and easily scaled down to small sizes to fit many applications.

These features make fuel cells attractive for a range of potential applications, from combined heat and power (CHP) to distributed power generation to transport and portable power for mobile appliances.

What are fuel cells and where are they used?

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the energy of a chemical reaction directly into electricity, with heat as a by-product. The fuel and oxidant (oxygen or air) are supplied externally, enabling them to continue operating as long as they are fed. So, unlike batteries, they never "run out".

Many believe that the fuel cell engine, comprising a fuel processor, fuel cell stack and power conditioner, will ultimately take the place of the internal combustion engine as the dominant technology for vehicles from cars to trains.

Major automotive manufacturers have a fuel cell vehicle in development - including Honda, Toyota, DaimlerChrysler, GM, Ford, Hyundai and Volkswagen - although the beginnings of commercialisation are not expected until around the end of the decade. Fuel cells are also being designed and tested for stationary applications for example for individual households as well as large commercial and industrial uses. more >>